German ICE vs Japanese Shinkansen: Speed and Operational Differences

Germany's Deutsche Bahn operates the ICE (Intercity-Express), a series of high-speed trains that offer comfortable passenger services, much like its counterparts, the Japanese Shinkansen (often called the Eki) and France's TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse). The ICE and Shinkansen are both powered by electric trains running on standard 1435 mm tracks. However, despite similar operating technologies, the ICE is notably slower than the Shinkansen and the TGV. This article will explore the reasons behind this difference and discuss the unique features of these high-speed trains.

Power Configurations: A Comparative Analysis

The German ICE trains feature two sets of power configurations: either a locomotive with non-powered passenger cars or passenger carriages with traction motors. This dual configuration allows the ICE to adapt to various operational needs within the German rail network. In contrast, the Shinkansen is always powered by traction motors on all wheelsets, which improves weight distribution and acceleration. The French TGV is characterized by passenger carriages between power cars, enhancing hybrid flexibility.

Dedicated High Speed Lines and Flexibility

Speed performance on dedicated high-speed lines is relatively comparable between the German ICE, French TGV, and Japanese Shinkansen, typically ranging from 230 to 300 km/h. However, there is a significant difference in their operational flexibility. The Shinkansen and TGV are confined to dedicated high-speed lines, but the ICE can also operate on the classic national rail networks. This versatility allows the ICE to serve a broader range of routes, including slower classic networks.

Some parts of Japan and France's high-speed lines can handle speeds of up to 320 km/h, although the ICE is currently limited to 190–200 MPH on standard and TGV lines, and can achieve 200 MPH when crossing into France on the Strasbourg-Paris line.

On-Board Catering and Travel Class

The German ICE offers superior on-board catering services, with a restaurant car providing complete meals. In contrast, passengers on the Shinkansen are limited to a roving trolley with shrink-wrapped items. The TGV usually has a buffet with snacks and drinks. All three trains have at least two travel classes, with Shinkansen Green Glass offering a closer approximation to first class in Germany and France.

Network Differences and Regional Impact

Japan and France have more kilometers of dedicated high-speed tracks than Germany. In both countries, the network radiates from national capital cities, leading to a more centralized transportation system. Germany, on the other hand, has a polycentric high-speed network, connecting pairs of cities rather than radiating from a single capital. This design means that ICE trains spend more time on the slower classic networks.

Runs on standard tracks mean that German ICE trains cannot reach the same top speeds as the Shinkansen and TGV, which are designed for dedicated high-speed lines. While third-generation ICE trains are capable of running at 190–200 MPH on appropriate tracks, their overall performance is influenced by the need to share tracks with conventional trains and the varied topography of the German rail network.

The German ICE and the Japanese Shinkansen represent two distinct approaches to high-speed rail transportation, each with its own strengths and limitations. While the ICE has developed impressive versatility and accessibility, the Shinkansen has excelled in speed and efficiency on dedicated tracks.

Understanding these differences is crucial for travelers, policymakers, and transportation planners aiming to optimize high-speed rail networks worldwide. Whether prioritizing speed, comfort, or regional connectivity, the choices made regarding track design and train configurations will continue to shape the future of high-speed rail travel.