Surviving a Nuclear Attack in London Underground

London has a wonderfully extensive and modern public transportation system, but during a nuclear attack, the London Underground (#8221;Tube#8221;) might prove to be both a refuge and a deadly trap. Understanding its capabilities and limitations can be critical for survival.

Physical Protection Against Radiation

Anything made of solid concrete is likely to absorb most of the radiation. In Madrid, for instance, one of the deepest metro lines offers a similar protection, as it requires descending many escalators to reach the platform—an experience akin to the journey into the center of the Earth. An underground car park might suffice if you are near one, but the key is adequate concrete thickness to provide protection from radiation.

Deep lines, such as the Northern Line, can offer protection from immediate radiation effects. However, the reality is grim: the disused tunnels that were once repurposed as shelters for government officials would only help those who escape the initial blast. The primary threats beyond the blast are starvation and radiation sickness when one tries to resurface into a radioactive environment. Even a small blast would push radiation deep into the tunnel system via numerous openings.

The Immediate Effects of a Nuclear Blast

The blast itself does not immediately cause death by radiation; instead, it is the extreme heat (typically 3000°C) that is far higher than volcanic lava (around 1200°C) and the overpressure (sudden pressure changes) that become the primary lethal factors. If there is sufficient warning, flood doors can help mitigate the effects by closing off affected areas.

However, it is crucial to note that only a few meters of soil can substantially reduce the penetration of radiation. This means that deep-down Tube stations and tunnel sections provide some level of natural protection, but the environment above must be accounted for as it remains radioactive for days.

Survival Strategy and Potential

Survival depends on the specific conditions of the nuclear attack. If there was a nuclear airburst over London and the tunnels did not collapse from the shockwave, individuals could potentially survive by sheltering in these underground spaces. However, the life support systems that rely on water and food distribution would be compromised, rendering these supplies contaminated and unsafe. Therefore, having food and water stockpiled is vital.

Coming out too early could mean exposure to significant radiation from surface fallout. It might take a couple of days for the radioactivity to subside enough to venture outside. The mere presence of fallout in the air would cause severe illness, underscoring the need for robust personal protective measures and the necessary supplies.

Small nuclear explosions, whether airbursts or ground bursts, pose the risk of collapsing the tunnels and destroying the structures. Thus, it is imperative to consider these scenarios and plan accordingly to ensure survival in such a dire situation.