The Oldest Royal Park in London: St. James's Park

St. James’s Park is a historic 23-hectare (57-acre) green space that lies just south of the iconic palaces and landmarks of central London. This essay explores the rich history and significance of St. James’s Park, making it a must-visit destination for any history enthusiast.

The Birth of St. James's Park

In 1532, Henry VIII acquired an area of marshland from Eton College. This land, which lay to the west of York Place (subsequently renamed Whitehall), was purchased to transform it into a luxurious royal residence suitable for a king. With an eye towards better use of the land, Henry VIII ordered that the park be drained and landscaped. During his reign, exotic animals including camels, crocodiles, and an elephant were also kept within the park's boundaries for public display.

The Reformation and Charles II

When Charles II was in exile during the Commonwealth of England, he admired the ornate gardens of French royal palaces. Upon his return to the throne, he had St. James's Park redesigned in a more formal style, likely with the help of the French landscaper André Mollet. A 775-metre by 38-metre (850 by 42-yard) canal was created, and the park was drained and reshaped. Charles II opened the park to the public and utilized the space for entertaining guests and extramarital affairs, as documented in the works of John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester.

The 18th Century and Further Developments

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, cows roamed freely within St. James's Park, providing fresh milk to local residents. Visitors such as Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach noted the romantic charm of the park in 1710. Significant changes in the 18th century included the reclamation of a portion of the canal for use as Horse Guards Parade. Meanwhile, the purchase of Buckingham House (now Buckingham Palace) at the west end of The Mall for the use of Queen Charlotte was completed in 1761.

19th and 20th Century Remodelling

Further significant developments came in the mid-19th century, commissioned by the Prince Regent (later George IV) and executed by architect and landscape designer John Nash. This phase saw the canal converted into a more naturally-shaped lake, and formal avenues resculpted into winding, romantic pathways. At this time, Buckingham House was expanded to become the palace, and Marble Arch was built, marking the entrance to the palace. The Mall was transformed into a grand processional route for royal parades, opening to public traffic in 1887. In 1851, the Marble Arch was relocated to its current position at the junction of Oxford Street and Park Lane. The Victoria Memorial was erected between 1906 and 1934, commemorating the reign of Queen Victoria.

Conclusion

St. James's Park remains a cultural icon, a testament to nearly five centuries of royal history and evolution. Whether you're visiting for a relaxing stroll, a day out with family, or to explore its rich historical significance, St. James's Park offers a unique and rewarding experience.