US Military Presence: Current Status and Historical Context

When discussing the status of US military presence around the world, it is important to differentiate between the concept of military occupation and military bases in friendly countries. This article explores the current status of US military presence and examines historical instances where the US military's actions were perceived as occupying certain territories.

What Constitutes Military Occupation?

The term 'military occupation' is often used to describe a situation where one nation exercises control over another's territory. However, it is crucial to note that this can also be seen through different lenses, such as sovereignty and international law. The Military Occupation Convention of 1907 offers a stringent definition of occupation, requiring actual administrative control and the presence of a significant number of troops.

Historical Instances of US Military Action

The United States has engaged in various military actions and provided bases to allies in different parts of the world. Here are some historical instances:

Barbary States (1805): During the First Barbary War, the US sent a small naval force to intervene in the conflict with the North African states. Britain (1812): The US engaged in the War of 1812 with Britain, resulting in the control of lands that are now part of Canada. Mexico (Mexican War): The US declared war on Mexico in 1846 and secured territory through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Confederate States of America: Though not a recognized country, the Union's actions against the Confederacy could be considered as an attempt to re-establish control over the former states. American Indian Tribes: The US engaged in numerous conflicts with indigenous populations and acquired territories through treaties and war. Spanish Empire (Philippines): The US annexed the Philippines following the Spanish-American War and declared independence only in 1946. Hawaii: This territory was the result of a coup supported by US forces, leading to the annexation in 1898. Various Latin American countries: US intervention in Latin America, such as the Banana Wars, was often justified under the guise of protecting American interests. French Empire, Italy, Germany, and Japan: While the US did not directly occupy these nations, it engaged in conflicts with Japan during World War II and supported various anti-fascist and anti-communist efforts in Europe and Asia. North Korea: The US and other UN forces intervened in the Korean conflict but did not occupy the country. Afghanistan and Iraq: The US-led invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq in the early 21st century resulted in the formation of new governments in these countries.

With the formation of new governments in Iraq (2005) and Afghanistan (2004), the United States ended its occupation in these nations, returning control to local authorities. Prior to that, the US ended its occupation of West Germany in 1951 and Japan in the mid-1950s.

Current US Military Presence

Currently, the United States does not engage in active military occupations. Instead, it maintains a network of military bases and installations worldwide, primarily in countries that are willing hosts. These bases serve as hubs for military operations, logistical support, and intelligence gathering. The US military presence is predominantly aimed at providing support to allied nations and conducting peacekeeping missions.

The primary beneficiaries of US military presence are:

NATO Allies: Europe hosts several US military bases, which are crucial for maintaining the alliance's collective defense and responding to threats. Agreement-based Installations: The US depends on the goodwill of host nations to maintain its presence in various regions. Peacekeeping Operations: The US contributes to UN peacekeeping missions in regions such as Africa and the Middle East.

Currently, two major US Army units and one Marine Brigade are stationed in Europe, with additional units in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Air Force maintains a few squadrons in countries like the UK, Germany, South Korea, and Japan, while the Navy operates significant bases in Japan and Diego Garcia.

Conclusion

While the US military has engaged in various military actions and deployed forces overseas, the current status is characterized by support for allies and agreements, rather than active military occupations.