Understanding the Parliamentary System of Government

The parliamentary system of government is a form of representative democracy where the executive branch, often referred to as the cabinet, is derived from and accountable to the legislative branch, the parliament. This system is designed to ensure a close relationship between the legislative and executive branches, fostering effective governance and political accountability.

Key Features of the Parliamentary System

In a parliamentary system, the representatives of the people directly elect the executive branch. When the existing government loses the 'confidence' of the parliament, either through a vote of no confidence or the failure to pass a budget, the executive is dismissed and new ministers take over.

Cabinet Appointments and Coalition Governments

Unlike presidential systems where executives are not linked directly to legislative majorities, in parliamentary systems, executives are chosen based on the partisan composition of the legislature. Typically, the majority party selects its own members for ministerial positions. If no single party has a majority, a coalition government must be formed, wherein parties negotiate to create a government that can command a majority in the parliament.

The Role of the Cabinet and Responsible Government

The cabinet, often referred to as the real executive in this system, holds the ultimate responsibility for policy decisions and governance. Parliament is referred to as the responsible legislature because it holds the cabinet accountable for its actions.

Key Features of the Indian Parliamentary System

In the Indian parliamentary system, the relationship between the executive (council of ministers) and the legislature (parliament) is particularly close. Here are some of the key features:

Close Legislative-Executive Relationship

The council of ministers is selected from among the members of the parliament. A person must be a member of the parliament to become a minister. Ministers actively participate in law-making, a function of the legislature.

Selection and Removal of the President

The president, who is the nominal executive, is elected by the parliament. Removal of the president can only occur through an impeachment motion passed by both houses of the parliament.

Dependence of Parliament on the Executive

The parliament cannot start or end its sessions without the advice of the council of ministers. The president can summon, prorogue, or dissolve the sessions only on the advice of the council of ministers.

Political Accountability

Parliament holds the executive responsible for all its actions through mechanisms such as parliamentary questions, budgetary approvals, and parliamentary committees. If the legislature shows no confidence in the government, a vote of no confidence forces the resignation of the government.

Dual Executive in Parliamentary Systems

Parliamentary systems typically have a dual executive structure:

The nominal executive is represented by the head of the state, often the president or monarch, who serves primarily as a symbol of national unity. The real executive is represented by the head of the government, who is responsible for day-to-day governance and implementation of policies.

Conclusion

The parliamentary system of government is a robust framework that ensures the separation of powers while fostering effective governance through a close relationship between the legislative and executive branches. It is a system designed to promote accountability, stability, and responsible administration.

Keywords: Parliamentary System, Representative Government, Coalition Government