How Do They Manage to Build Train Tracks in the USA Without Fishplates?

In the United States, fishplates or joint bars are commonly used to connect sections of rail track. However, there are also methods used to manage rail joints without traditional fishplates, such as continuously welded rail, bolted joints, track structure design, rail anchors, and maintenance practices. Let's explore these methods in detail.

Welded Rail (CWR)

One of the most reliable and modern methods is continuously welded rail (CWR). This technique involves welding together sections of rail to create long, continuous lengths of track. This minimizes the number of joints and eliminates the need for fishplates at those connections. As a result, the technique reduces maintenance needs and improves ride quality.

Bolted Joints

In some cases, rail sections can also be connected using bolts instead of fishplates. This involves using bolts to secure the ends of the rail together directly. While this method is effective, it still requires regular inspection and maintenance due to the bolt connections.

Track Structure Design

The overall design of the track structure plays a crucial role in managing forces and stresses. By using concrete ties or sleepers, the track structure can provide more stability and support to the rails, reducing the reliance on traditional fishplates. This method enhances the overall integrity and longevity of the track.

Rail Anchors

Rail anchors can be another effective solution for managing rail joints. These anchors help keep the rails in place and prevent movement, reducing the need for fishplates in certain track designs. This method is particularly useful in areas where long stretches of rail can be laid down or where modern construction techniques are employed.

Maintenance Practices

Regular maintenance and inspections are essential for managing the integrity of the track. Whether using fishplates or alternative methods like bolted joints or CWR, it is crucial to ensure that all joints remain secure and functional. This includes periodic tightening and replacement of bolts, especially in areas prone to wear and tear.

While fishplates are still widely used, these alternative methods are increasingly common, especially in areas where long stretches of rail can be laid down or where modern construction techniques are employed.

The Downside of Fishplates

However, fishplates have their drawbacks. They are a weak point in the design of railroad tracks, allowing the rail to flex up and down, which can lead to loosening over time. As the joints settle differently, the rails on each side will no longer be straight and even, causing the train cars to rock side to side. This extra rocking motion adds to the wear and tear on the tracks.

Examples of Fishplates and Bolted Joints

For example, a joint that requires six bolts means you are limited to using pieces of rail that are about as long as the longest railroad car on the track. In the US and India, this is typically around 90 feet (30 meters). This results in a massive number of bolts per mile of track—704 bolts for every mile. These bolts need to be periodically inspected, tightened, or replaced, as they do break on occasion.

The solution in the US is continuously welded rail (CWR). By removing or minimizing the joints, the railroad track structure becomes stronger and requires less maintenance over time. This method is particularly cost-effective in areas with heavy train traffic.

Upgrading to CWR can be costly, so many railroad lines that don't see much train traffic still use the traditional jointed rail system.

By understanding these methods and their benefits, railroad engineers and maintenance teams can ensure optimal track performance and safety.