Why Do Planes Experience Unexpected Emergencies During Takeoffs but Not During Landings?

The common perception is that landings are safer than takeoffs. However, this belief is often rooted in a misunderstanding of the risks involved in each phase of flight. In reality, emergencies can occur in both takeoffs and landings, but the protocols and procedures are designed differently to manage these risks.

Protocols and Continuation Bias

Takeoff carries a heightened risk because it involves the aircraft slowing down close to the ground with high engine power demand. This combination of circumstances makes a mismanaged rejected takeoff highly likely to result in a runway excursion. To mitigate these risks, strict protocols are in place. On a heavy jet, the takeoff roll is often divided into a low-speed and high-speed regime, typically around 80 knots.

Low-speed regime: Any non-normal parameter, including cabin alerts or RAAS calls, may warrant a 'STOP' call. High-speed regime: 'STOP' is only initiated for critical issues like a fire warning, engine failure, wind shear, or blocked/runway incursion. After 100 knots, wind shear cautions are usually suppressed. V1 speed: If a problem arises after V1, the takeoff is continued despite any issues.

This structured approach provides a clear framework for handling emergencies during the takeoff roll.

Landings and Their Advantages

Landings offer a unique advantage due to the aircraft's altitude. If a problem occurs, the crew can initiate a go-around, essentially repeating the final stages of a takeoff. This option is particularly useful; an historical example is Air Canada flight 143, the 'Gimli Glider,' which successfully made an emergency landing without engines. Contrastingly, aircraft taking off do not have this luxury. Pilots are trained to manage engine failures, but the loss of both engines typically results in a fatal outcome, as seen in many crashes.

Go-around procedure: Many aircraft can rise and safely circle before attempting another landing or returning to the airport. Engine failure: While recoverable with one engine, the loss of both can leave no alternative but to abort the takeoff and address the issue.

Statistical Analysis and Normal Operations

Statistically, it is difficult to conclusively state that landing is 'safer' than takeoff. Factors such as a definition of a landing event must be considered. In normal operations, landing might be safer due to the optional go-around procedure. However, if an emergency occurs mid-flight, a landing in non-normal circumstances could be more dangerous due to the pressing situation.

Conclusion: While the perception of landing being safer is widespread, both phases of flight carry significant risks. The emergency protocols and procedures are carefully designed to address these risks, but the potential for a successful resolution during a landing cannot be underestimated.